Modal Verbs

1. Modals

 

Modal Verbs

(Модальні дієслова)

Must

Have to

Need (to)

Ought to

Can

Could

May

Might

Will

Would

Shall

Should

 

May or Might

ЩО ВИРАЖАЄ

ПРИКЛАД ВЖИВАННЯ

Можливість у теперішньому чи майбутньому (may/might + do)

·                    It might rain in the evening.

·                    Julia may be reading at the moment.

 

Можливість у минулому (may/might + have done)

a) щось могло виявитись правдою

б) щось було можливим, але не відбулось

·                    You may have left the door unlocked.

·                    We might have brought some presents for children.

Ввічливе запитання / Прохання дозволити (в офіційному мовленні: may; більш офіційно: might)

·                    May I use your pen?

·                    Might I conduct research in this laboratory room?

Надання дозволу (в офіційному мовленні: may)

·                    You certainly may use the lab.

·                    You may stay here as long as you need it.

Відмова у дозволі

·                    You may not leave the workplace if there is no one else at the reception.

 

Shall or Should

Пропозиція та припущення (shall)

·                    Shall I pick you up at seven?

·                    Shall we go bowling today?

Питання про пропозицію або вказівку (shall)

·                    Where shall I meet you?

·                    When shall we do it?

Порада (should + do)

·                    You should accept this job offer.

·                    You should relax more often.

Критика (should  + have done)

·                    You should have prevented her from taking such a risk.

·                    You should have come earlier.

 

Must

Зобов`язання / необхідність

·                    I must go to this meeting.

·                    I must finish the composition tonight.

Заборона / Відмова у наданні дозволу

·                    You mustn`t smoke here.

·                    You mustn`t cross the border without a passport.

Наполеглива порада

·                    You must revise for your exam.

·                    If it still hurts, you must see a doctor.

Стверджувальне логічне припущення

·                    It`s quite late; they must be back.

·                    Look at his clothes – he must be a sailor!

Can or Could

Здатність у теперішньому (can)

·                    I can see.

·                    She can sing beautifully.

Здатність у минулому (could)

·                    I could be very fast when I was younger.

Прохання надання дозволу (informal: can)

·                    Can I ask you a question?

·                    Can I be honest with you?

Прохання надання дозволу (more formal: could)

·                    Could I have a look at these documents?

·                    Could I consult with you about this issue, Mr. Jones?

Надання дозволу (can)

·                    You can join us if you want.

·                    You can come in.

Пропозиція / припущення

·                    How can I help you?

·                    We could go to the cinema tonight.

Прохання (informal: can / more formal: could)

·                    Can you borrow me some money?

·                    Could you help me with filling in this application?

Заперечне логічне припущення (can`t)

·                    No, she can`t be a student; she`s only 12 years old.

·                    They can`t be Americans; they speak perfect British English.

Можливість / ймовірність

·                    He could be working - I saw him going to his office twenty minutes ago.

·                    They could arrive soon.

Можливість у минулому, яка не здійснилась (could + have done)

·                    I could have done it better.

·                    You could have tried harder.

Для всіх часів можна вживати структуру be able to

·                    I will always be able to recognize their faces.

·                    She was able to win the race.